Down the road from the Los Angeles Angels’ stadium in Anaheim, a crowd gathers to observe two houses burn.
In lower than half-hour, one construction is lowered to its smoldering, blackened wooden body, whereas the opposite, because of easy adjustments to its design, is remarkably unscathed. After all, this was the purpose of the demonstration, which was held final June by the Insurance coverage Institute for Enterprise & Residence Security (IBHS) at a firefighting coaching heart.
The warmth from the burning demo house is fierce as we stand exterior beneath a vibrant, cloudless sky. The plume of thick, black smoke is what finally pushes me again from the entrance of the viewers. Nevertheless it’s nonetheless nothing just like the worst blazes I bear in mind rising up with in Southern California, when the sky glows a hazy orange and ash falls like snow.
Firefighters, housing builders, and insurance coverage professionals gathered for the annual Pacific Coast Builders Convention who I speak to know what that type of inferno appears like — or not less than should navigate the unthinkable loss left in its aftermath. It’s what brings us all right here in the present day — the hope that there are steps to take that may assist a house survive. The identical demonstration the earlier yr was sufficient to persuade one builder to vary course. “It was stunning,” says Steve Ruffner, a regional common supervisor and division president at KB Residence. “That was once I was like, Okay, we’re in a excessive fireplace zone in Escondido. We bought to see if we will do that.” KB Residence, one of the vital prolific homebuilders within the US, had already damaged floor on Dixon Path, a brand new group in Escondido, California. It was about to get a makeover to be extra just like the demo home constructed to resist a blaze.
It’s the type of neighborhood-scale motion that’s turning into extra essential as wildfire danger rises with local weather change. Wildfires have gotten too huge a menace for any single house owner, neighborhood, and even firefighting squad to simply play protection. The battle is now collective and begins from the bottom up, when houses are constructed. It continues with on a regular basis actions that maintain property homeowners accountable for his or her neighbors’ security, too.
In some ways, Southern California is floor zero for this campaign. Right here, builders, fireplace districts, and house owner associations are determining tips on how to maintain dwelling in an already fire-prone panorama that’s more and more turning into a tinderbox. Getting ready for catastrophe — because the state has finished with earthquakes — is a part of the ethos. In the case of wildfires, the “huge one” for higher Los Angeles arrived a yr in the past, when blazes destroyed greater than 16,250 buildings. Every time the winds choose up on a sizzling, dry day, that preparation is examined.
“If you happen to simply stand proper right here, which manner is the wind blowing?” asks Dave McQuead, fireplace chief of the Rancho Santa Fe Hearth District.
It’s a sizzling August day, and happily, the breeze is cool in opposition to our faces. We’re standing on a hill in a fancy gated group of Rancho Santa Fe fittingly named Cielo, the Spanish phrase for sky or heaven.
However what some would possibly in any other case respect as an ocean view with a breeze, McQuead sees by means of a extra scrutinizing lens.
We’re trying down at a valley the place the hills dip and slope into flatlands simply earlier than the ocean. The topography turns into a pure tunnel for coastal gales. If there occurred to be a automobile on fireplace beneath that transferred to vegetation, for instance, the wind may simply blow warmth and flames from that blaze straight to us. As one aspect of the valley burns, it will switch warmth to the opposite aspect of the slope — drying out the vegetation and priming it to additionally burn. It creates a convection column of gasoline, smoke, and ash. We’re standing on prime of a pure chimney within the panorama.
“Harmful spot,” McQuead says.
Megafires begin small, typically with an ember. Houses that face probably the most danger typically sit the place forest or brush meets suburbia, alongside what’s technically known as the wildland-urban interface (WUI — pronounced “woo-ee” in rather more innocuous-sounding jargon). Right here, a gale would possibly simply fling embers from a forest fireplace right into a neighborhood. An ember would possibly land on a rosebush in a planter or drift into a house by means of a vent.
As soon as that first dwelling begins to burn, it will probably make the state of affairs extra explosive for the remainder of the group. There are extra embers, and now direct flames threatening neighbors. Sheer radiant warmth may cause close by fire-prone supplies to combust.
These three components mixed — embers, direct flame contact, and radiant warmth — are what burn communities to the bottom, says Kimiko Barrett, lead analysis and coverage analyst on the nonprofit Headwaters Economics.
Conversely, the easiest way to guard any single house is to harden your entire group in opposition to these threats. The aim is to restrict weak factors the place embers would possibly acquire a foothold from which to unfold into an inferno.
“What we do learn about wildfire danger discount to houses is that it has to happen at that neighborhood scale due to the character of how houses burn down,” Barrett says. “It’s not a wildfire drawback, it’s a structural ignition drawback, and that requires an enormous shift in our paradigm and expectations of what it means to stay with wildfires.”
Hearth has all the time been part of the ecology in some components of the world, together with a lot of California. Wildfires naturally clear particles, fertilize the soil, and assist some seeds germinate. However sooner or later, dwelling in concord with these fires goes to take a extra concerted effort.
European settlers threw the pure stability out of whack in California. They outlawed Indigenous practices of managed burns to handle the land, knowledge that policymakers extra lately began to heed by reintroducing prescribed burns. The timber {industry} additionally stomped out fires that may have been wholesome for the forest and close by communities. Years of all-out fireplace suppression have allowed useless vegetation to construct up into a great deal of tinder that then gas a lot bigger conflagrations. Hotter, drier circumstances with local weather change additionally supercharge blazes. Human-caused local weather change has extended California’s fire season and increased the number of acres burned.
On the similar time, unaffordable housing in city facilities has pushed many residents farther into the wildland-urban interface, the place they’re extra weak to fireplace. Almost a 3rd of housing throughout the US, greater than 44 million houses, was positioned in WUI in 2020, according to federal data. A lot of that growth has taken place for the reason that Nineties.
Avoiding high-risk areas is perhaps one solution to adapt to a warming, extra fire-prone world. There’s additionally speak of “managed retreat,” coordinated efforts to desert areas which might be simply too tough to defend in opposition to escalating local weather disasters like fires and floods. However that’s typically not a feasible or fair option for folks, particularly when skyrocketing housing costs and rising temperatures that suck the panorama dry imply there’s nowhere safer to go.
McQuead introduced me to that Cielo hilltop as a result of the neighborhood is actually known for having survived an inferno, the Witch Creek Hearth of 2007, thanks largely to the proactive measures taken by its former fireplace chief, Erwin Willis. A decade earlier, the hearth district turned one of many first to determine new building codes to protect against fire, together with residential fire sprinklers and defensible space surrounding homes.
The Witch Creek Hearth compelled some 21,000 residents throughout the fireplace district to evacuate. After the firestorm, the injury was one-sided. No buildings have been misplaced in Cielo or different newly-constructed communities in Rancho Santa Fe. Greater than 60 houses and outbuildings have been destroyed by the blaze, however solely in areas constructed earlier than the brand new constructing code utilized. It was beautiful proof that helped California undertake statewide constructing codes for fire-resistant development the next yr.
Again on the IBHS burn demonstration in Anaheim, I meet State Hearth Marshal Daniel Berlant, who tells me a couple of pilot program that goals to supply monetary help to Californians who can’t afford, or can’t bodily do the duties required, to harden a house in opposition to fireplace. In spite of everything, he says 90 p.c of houses vulnerable to wildfire in California have been constructed earlier than the constructing code was up to date in 2008.
“A house is considerably extra more likely to survive a wildfire when it has home-hardening retrofits constructed to in the present day’s code paired with defensible house. However we proceed to see these houses nonetheless burn as properly,” Berlant says. “Hardening” is the technical time period for making a house extra immune to embers, flames, and radiant warmth. “And so what we proceed to essentially acquire out of our analysis is that it must be finished at neighborhood scale. If I do every little thing proper, however primarily based on density, my neighbor subsequent to me doesn’t, we’re nonetheless each in danger.”
The way to harden a house in opposition to fireplace
About 11 miles from Rancho Santa Fe, Escondido, California, has the next danger of wildfire than 98 p.c of communities within the US, according to the USDA Forest Service. Nonetheless, it’s nonetheless one of the vital populous cities in San Diego County, with practically 150,000 residents and extra shifting into newly constructed communities like Dixon Path.
Dixon Path is on the sting of city in Escondido, nestled on the foot of shrubby hills. Once I ask Steve Ruffner why KB Residence would construct right here regardless of the danger, he’s unfazed.
“You’re not going to have the ability to put a group like this in the course of a metropolis,” he says. Development in an city heart would keep away from the ‘wildland-urban interface’ — however there isn’t sufficient house to construct rows of indifferent, single-family houses like we see right here, and that’s what lots of patrons need.
What he says subsequent surprises me. By turning into the primary neighborhood constructed within the US to fulfill IBHS’ home- and neighborhood-level wildfire resilience requirements, what I believed can be a vulnerability within the location is now anticipated to be one other firefighting device. “We will likely be a backstop to stop fireplace going to all these older houses surrounding us,” Ruffner says.
There are not any actual boundaries between Dixon Path and the group subsequent door, Eureka (which was not constructed by KB Residence). Nevertheless it’s straightforward to see the place one ends and the subsequent begins. The older neighborhood is noticeably greener, with manicured lawns, roses, hibiscus, and different bushes climbing up in opposition to the partitions of houses.
Dixon Path is purposefully extra austere as a result of these houses have been “hardened.” One of many clearest variations is the 5-foot moat of gravel and concrete surrounding the perimeter of every dwelling, a buffer freed from any probably flammable crops or supplies that’s known as “defensible space.”
Different particulars are much less apparent. Vents in lots of houses are supposed to let exterior air in beneath the ground or roof of a house; good airflow can stop the moisture that results in mildew or rot. However that circulate of air into the house may also let embers inside, probably igniting a construction fireplace. With dwelling hardening, vents are designed to dam embers, coated with metallic mesh to maintain embers from sneaking into the home. The storage doorways are all metallic, with no plastic home windows that may soften and let embers inside. Home windows are sometimes weak factors, so these are all double-pane (as an alternative of single-pane) with tempered glass that’s stronger and extra heat-resistant.
Most of the measures are already required in newly constructed houses by California regulation, together with coated vents and double-pane home windows. KB Residence adopted much more intensive requirements set by IBHS. It has since damaged floor on one other group within the Sacramento space equally being constructed to fulfill IBHS requirements on the dwelling and neighborhood degree. Right here at Dixon Path, what seems to be wooden fencing is definitely fabricated from metal, and so are retaining partitions. All of the upgrades have been value impartial, in keeping with Ruffner. Utilizing recycled metallic for fencing, for instance, didn’t wind up costing greater than heavy timber would have.
Nonetheless, these houses aren’t low cost. Homes in Dixon Path begin at round $1 million, which is near the median worth for the county. However in an already unaffordable housing market, the hearth resilience measures are additionally meant to chop down on hovering insurance coverage prices. I met Kifah Samara and his spouse as they have been shifting into their new dwelling in Dixon Path in June. Samara coached a soccer group that sometimes performed within the neighboring group of Eureka, and after recognizing the development, stopped into the Dixon Path customer heart on a Saturday.
He’d been seeking to purchase a brand new dwelling for 4 or 5 years already, however bought an additional push this yr. He says dwelling insurance coverage for his earlier rental had jumped from roughly $750 a yr to just about $4,000 after the devastating fires close by within the higher Los Angeles space in January 2025. Earlier than then, his fee had usually solely risen about 20 p.c per yr. “This yr it was loopy,” he says. After shifting into Dixon Path, constructed to fulfill insurance coverage industry-developed requirements, he says he’s paying nearer to $1,400 a yr. “I feel it was choice,” he tells me of the transfer.
The megafires that laid waste to the communities of Altadena and Pacific Palisades exterior of LA weigh closely on the minds of most of the folks I met whereas reporting this story. “Now that we’ve seen complete cities burn down, in case you’re going to start out recent, do it proper,” Samara’s next-door neighbor Kevin Walton tells me. He and his spouse moved in a pair weeks earlier than we met to be nearer to their daughter, who was about to provide delivery to their grandson. The fireplace-resilient measures, notably the indoor sprinkler system, he says, have been a plus. “It simply offers some peace of thoughts.”
Once I ask Len Gregory, who moved to Rancho Santa Fe about 10 years in the past, what introduced him right here, he tells me emphatically, “The bushes! The bushes!”
The group’s eucalyptus bushes are iconic; they’re even depicted on the Rancho Santa Fe Hearth District’s emblem and a patch on Chief McQuead’s uniform. They’re not native to the area. Native lore says {that a} railroad firm planted the bushes within the early 1900s as a supply of timber for the rail strains, they usually’ve taken a foothold ever since. Their aromatic oil additionally occurs to make these bushes extraordinarily flammable.
We’re surrounded by them on the Ewing Protect, a virtually 25-acre parcel of protected land managed by Gregory’s HOA, additionally known as Rancho Santa Fe. Earlier than retiring, Gregory was a distributor of panorama tools and irrigation merchandise, which supplies him just a little experience in main the HOA’s forest well being and preservation work. As a lot as he loves the bushes, a part of that work is to take away a few of them — changing probably the most fire-prone vegetation with much less flamable, native species and thinning undergrowth.
It feels like a tough promote, notably when the bushes are beloved to residents, together with Gregory himself. However in terms of fireplace mitigation, Gregory says, they’ll do no matter it takes.
“Fairly frankly, we stay in terror,” Gregory tells me earlier than rattling off a historical past of infernos from the Witch Hearth to the devastating January 2025 blazes surrounding Los Angeles. “I imply, you possibly can’t stay in Southern California — really, anyplace within the West — with out being terrified.”
A yr after the fires that devastated Altadena and Pacific Palisades, many residents are nonetheless dealing with the aftermath. After the general public outpouring of help and solidarity from politicians, Hollywood celebrities, and philanthropists each close to and much, survivors are nonetheless left reeling. Actuality TV veteran Spencer Pratt, who was amongst those that misplaced their houses, announced a mayoral campaign for Los Angeles this month that’s largely fueled by his fury at officers for failing to cease the blazes.
Different individuals are navigating development and insurance coverage nightmares with far fewer sources and clout. Few homes have been rebuilt, whereas others are nonetheless standing however uninhabitable from the injury. And every time the area’s Santa Ana winds — which fanned the flames in January 2025 — kick up, it’s a reminder that one other horrible fireplace may get away. It’s all of the extra motive for a lot of Southern Californians to wish to take motion.
Right here within the Ewing Protect, a lot of the work is concentrated on eradicating any useless bushes, and stopping beetle infestations from killing extra. They wish to take away any particles that may develop into “ladder gas,” which may assist flames climb to the tree cover — some extent at which blazes transfer quicker and develop into more durable to regulate. An much more formidable undertaking is underway close by at one other protect known as Arroyo alongside the San Dieguito River.
“With out this work, [firefighters] can be racing a rushing practice,” says Jonathan Appelbaum, a biologist working with the nonprofit San Dieguito River Valley Conservancy.
With the blessing of the Rancho Santa Fe HOA that owns the land, the conservancy bought a $1.5 million grant in 2024 from the California Wildlife Conservation Board to take away invasive bushes — restoring the river hall habitat right into a natural firebreak. Firefighters use these breaks to attempt to cease an inferno from advancing; the thought is to create or depend on an current barrier that flames can’t cross. A river and damp vegetation surrounding it’s a nice choice, however much less so if it’s choked off and overrun with extra fire-prone bushes that may fling embers throughout.
Once I go to Arroyo with Applebaum, the river is little greater than a trickle. It’s the dry season, however invasive bushes aren’t serving to. “Eucalyptus is like sticking a straw into the bottom and sucking as exhausting as attainable to drink all of the water up,” he says.
Eucalyptus and palm bushes are Applebaum’s greatest targets. It’s grueling work, notably in probably the most dense and distant components of the protect, the place they’ve needed to resort to airlifting bushes out by helicopter. Native willows, sycamores, and cottonwood bushes are taking their place. Species that advanced to make the most of the river’s hydrology listed below are extra environment friendly with how they use water and handle to remain perennially hydrated, Appelbaum tells me. Their increased moisture content material makes them much less flammable than oil-filled eucalyptus and palms with useless fronds that gentle up like Roman candles. A yr into the grant program, that they had eliminated near 80 p.c of eucalyptus throughout the goal 12-acre space.
Taking a community-wide strategy to wildfire prevention is very essential for managing shared areas like this protect, which might help or harm neighboring properties when fires strategy. However the Rancho Santa Fe HOA can be being proactive in terms of serving to its residents keep their particular person properties. It has additionally partnered with the startup FireWatch to supply residents with aerial maps of their property that may present dangers they could in any other case miss on the bottom. By airplane, FireWatch can really use a multispectral digicam system to map the well being of bushes and crops beneath. The cameras can learn near-infrared wavelengths invisible to the bare eye. What seems to be like a inexperienced cover in a daily picture seems in shades of pink and pink — with burdened or dying crops, maybe infested by these pesky beetles, showing extra brown or grey.
“It is a tree in decline. I can inform that that is going to want remedy or it’s going to must be eliminated,” Caitlin Kreutz, a biologist at SWCA Environmental Consultants who has labored with FireWatch and the Rancho Santa Fe HOA, says as we flip between trying on the inexperienced and pink photographs of a property from FireWatch’s dwelling base at a small airport in Carlsbad. To the bare eye, she says, it’s only a inexperienced tree. However in infrared, it’s a lot duller in coloration than its neighbors. In addition to, as a home-owner, you’re not going to have the ability to look down in your tree’s foliage to identify any delicate adjustments since you’re beneath it. “This simply offers an entire different perspective,” Kreutz says.
In 2025, the Rancho Santa Fe HOA was formally designated as a Firewise group, which acknowledges adherence to a different set of nationally acknowledged steerage for decreasing wildfire danger that was developed by the Nationwide Hearth Safety Affiliation. The designation saves residents as much as 5 p.c on their insurance coverage premiums, in keeping with the HOA.
“Communities have a tendency to face or fall collectively,” says John Bailey, a professor within the Faculty of Forestry at Oregon State College who research fireplace administration. “I see a key answer being taking the data that we’ve got [on home-hardening and] increasing it to a important quantity if not all neighbors.”
If every dwelling can be counting on their neighbors to do their half, that additionally signifies that each convert reached can have an outsize impression with the actions they take. That’s in the end what the burn demo I attended in Anaheim was all about. After KB Residence’s Steve Ruffner attended the same IBHS demo in 2024 on a whim, his firm turned a sponsor of the occasion in 2025.
“I used to be right here similar to you final yr getting sunburned and questioning what the heck this was about,” Ruffner says to the gang gathered on the opening of the occasion. “I can inform you I’ve lived by means of lots of pink flag days similar to you … and I simply wish to thanks for coming to observe this as a result of it modified my life.”
